DAMPAK FDI VERTIKAL DAN HORIZONTAL TERHADAP NILAI TAMBAH  18 SUB SEKTOR INDUSTRI MAKANAN DOMESTIK

Fitria Yuliani; Hermanto  Siregar; Widyastutik; Amzul Rifin

doi:10.30908/bilp.v13i2.422

Fitria Yuliani Kementerian Pertanian
Hermanto Siregar Institut Pertanian Bogor
Widyastutik Institut Pertanian Bogor
Amzul Rifin Institut Pertanian Bogor

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v13i2.422

Abstract Views: 1769 |

PDF Downloads: 2619

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Keywords: Industri Makanan Domestik, FDI Horizontal, FDI Vertikal, Keterkaitan ke belakang, Keterkaitan ke depan, Nilai Tambah, Value Added, Domestic Food Industry, Downstream Linkages, Upstream Linkages, Horizontal FDI, Vertical FDI

Abstract

Abstrak

Untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, Indonesia membutuhkan investasi asing langsung/Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) karena tingkat tabungan di Indonesia jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan kebutuhan investasi. FDI diyakini dapat meningkatkan nilai tambah suatu sektor atau industri. FDI terdiri dari dua jenis, yaitu FDI horizontal (intra industri) dan FDI vertikal (inter industri – dengan keterkaitan ke depan dan ke belakang). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak FDI vertikal dan horizontal terhadap nilai tambah di 18 sub sektor industri makanan domestik. Dengan menggunakan metode estimasi fixed effect cross section SUR model dan random effect model, hasil penelitian menunjukkan FDI vertikal dengan keterkaitan ke belakang memberikan dampak paling besar terhadap nilai tambah perusahaan domestik dibandingkan FDI vertikal dengan keterkaitan ke depan dan horizontal. FDI vertikal dengan keterkaitan ke belakang berdampak positif terhadap nilai tambah perusahaan domestik dengan modal rendah dan padat tenaga kerja (padat karya). Oleh karena itu, investasi asing di industri makanan paling hilir, seperti industri minuman tidak beralkohol dan industri makanan lainnya perlu dibuka dengan persyaratan bagi investor asing melakukan kerja sama sub contracting dengan perusahaan domestik di industri makanan hulu.

Kata kunci: Industri Makanan Domestik, FDI Horizontal, FDI Vertikal, Keterkaitan ke Belakang, Keterkaitan ke Depan, Nilai Tambah

Abstract

To boost its economic growth, Indonesia needs Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) since the national savings rate is relatively low compared to the high demand for investments. FDI has been proven to be able to enhance the value-added of a sector or industry. There are 2 types of FDI which are Horizontal FDI (intra-industry) and Vertical FDI (inter industry-with upstream and downstream linkages). This study aimed to analyze the impact of horizontal and vertical FDI on the value added to the 18 subsectors in the domestic food industry. By using the fixed-effect cross-section SUR and random effect model, the results showed that the vertical FDI on downstream linkages gives a more positive effect on value-added than vertical FDI on upstream linkages and horizontal FDI. The vertical FDI on downstream linkages gives a positive impact on local companies with a lower level of capital but higher labor (labor-intensive). Therefore, FDI on downstream linkages (for example other food industry, non-alcoholic beverages, etc) should be opened on conditions that it commits a sub-contracting cooperation with the domestic firms within the food processing industry in upstream sectors.

Keywords: Domestic Food Industry, Downstream Linkages, Horizontal FDI, Vertical FDI, Upstream Linkages, Value Added

JEL Classification: F21; E22; C23; O33

References

Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal. (2017). Perkembangan Investasi Berdasarkan Kriteria Baku Lapangan Industri [internet]. [Diakses pada 2017 November 11]. Tersedia pada http://www.bkpm.go.id.

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2018). Statistik Indonesia. BPS, Jakarta.

Beugelsidjk, S., Roger, S & Remco Z. (2008). The Impact of Horizontal and Vertical FDI on Host’s Country Economic Growth. International Business Review 17 (2008) 452-472. Elsevier Ltd.

Braconier, H., Pehr-Johan Norback & Dieter Urban. (2005). Reconciling the Evidence on the Knowledge-Capital Model. Review of International Economics 13 (4), 770-786 (September).

Buckley, PJ & Mark, C. (1981). The Optimal Timing of Foreign Direct Investment. The Economic Journal Vol 91, No. 361 (Mar.,1981) pp. 75-87. Wiley.

Crespo, N & Fontoura, MP. (2007). Determinant Factors of FDI Spillovers - What Do We Really Know? World Development Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 410-425, 2007. Elsevier Ltd.

Fatkhurahman. (2017). Peran Modal Manusia dan Modal Investasi terhadap Nilai Produksi Industri Kecil di Kota Pekanbaru. Jurnal Benefita 2(1) Februari 2017 (1-9).

Fu Miao & Li Tieli. (2010). Human Capital as a Determinant of FDI Technology Spillovers and It’s Threshold Effects in China: An Analysis Based on Multiple Productivity Estimates. Working Paper 21/2009. United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Vienna, 2010.

Girma, S., Gong, Y., Gorg, H & Lancheros, S. (2014). Estimating Direct and Indirect Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Firm Productivity in The Presence of Interaction Between Firms. Journal of International Economics. Elsevier Inc.

Javorcik, BS. (2004). Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase The Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search Spillovers Through Backward Linkages. The American Economic Review Vol. 94, No. 3, June 2004.

Kalai, M & Zghidi, N. (2017). Foreign Direct Investment, Trade, and Economic Growth in MENA Countries: Empirical Analysis Using ARDL Bound Testing Approach. Springer. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol 10 Issue 1, PP 397 – 421.

Kee, HL. (2014). Local Intermediate Inputs and The Shared Supplier Spillovers of Foreign Direct Investment. Journal of Development Economics 112 (2015) 56-71. Elsevier Inc.

Kokko, A & Thang, TT. (2014). Foreign Direc.t Investment and The Survival of Domestic Private Firms in Vietnam. Asian Development Review, Vol. 31, No.1, pp. 53-91. Asian Development Bank and Asian Development Bank Institute.

Krugman, PR. (1994). International Economics: Theory and Practice. New York: Harper Collins.

Kurita, K., Monzen, M & Rofik, K. (2017). FDI Spillover Effects on Productivity Varying from the Size of Firm and Industries in Indonesia. International Journal of Small and Medium Enterprises and Business Sustainabilty, Vol.2, No.3 (July 2017), pp.51-59. Center for Industry, SME and Business Competition Studies, USAKTI.

Liang, FH. (2016). Does Foreign Direct Investment Improve The Productivity of Domestic Firms? Technology Spillovers, Industry Linkages, and Firm Capabilities. Research Policy xxx (2016) xxx-xxx. Elsevier Inc.

Liu, Z. (2008). Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Spillovers: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Development Economics 85 (2008) 176-193. Elsevier Inc.

Maharani, CND. (2013). Analisis Nilai Tambah dan Kelayakan Usaha Pengolahan Limbah Padat Ubi Kayu (Onggok) di Kecamatan Pekalongan, Kabupaten Lampung Timur. Skripsi. Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung. Bandar Lampung.

Markusen, JR. (1995). The Boundaries of The Multinational Enterprise and Theory of International Trade. The Journal of Economic Perspectives Vol. 9, No. 2, (Spring, 1995), pp. 169-189. American Economic Association.

Morrison, CJ. (1997). Structural Change, Capital Investment and Productivity in the Food Processing Industry. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70(1), 110-125.

Romer, D. (2006). Advanced Macroeconomics, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York.

Sari, DW., Khalifah, NA & Suyanto, S. (2016). The Spillover Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on The Firms Productivity Performance. Springer. Journal of Productivity Analysis, Vol. 46 Issue 2-3, PP 397 – 421.

Sjoholm, F. (1998). Productivity Growth in Indonesia: The Role of Regional Characteristics and Direct Foreign Investment. Working Paper in Economics and Finance No. 216 January 1998. Stocholm School of Economics, Sweden.

Sjoholm, F. (2016). Foreign Direct Investment and Value Added in Indonesia. Working Paper 2016:31. Department of Economics, School of Economics and Management, Lund University.

Slamet, UU. (2005). Nilai Tambah dan Balas Jasa Faktor Produksi Pengolahan Hasil-Hasil Pertanian. Buletin Pendidikan No.08 Tahun 2005. Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta.