Difusi TIK, Kualitas Regulasi, dan Keterbukaan Perdagangan di Negara-Negara G20: Analisis Moderasi
Main Article Content
Abstract
Digitalisasi ekonomi global mendorong integrasi pasar, namun bukti bahwa difusi teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (difusi TIK) secara konsisten meningkatkan keterbukaan perdagangan masih beragam dan jarang menilai kualitas regulasi sebagai kondisi institusional. Studi ini menganalisis pengaruh difusi TIK dan kualitas regulasi terhadap keterbukaan perdagangan serta menguji peran moderasi kualitas regulasi pada negara-negara G20 periode 2002–2022. Menggunakan data panel sekunder (19 negara; 399 observasi) yang dihimpun dari World Bank: World Development Indicators (WDI) untuk keterbukaan perdagangan dan variabel kontrol (pembangunan ekonomi, investasi asing langsung, dan investasi), serta Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) untuk kualitas regulasi. Difusi TIK diproksikan dengan indeks difusi (skala 0– 100). penelitian ini menerapkan two-way fixed effects dengan standard error terklaster, lalu melakukan robustness checks atau uji ketahanan hasil menggunakan Driscoll–Kraay dan common correlated effects untuk mengakomodasi ketergantungan lintas negara dan guncangan bersama. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa difusi TIK berasosiasi negatif dan signifikan dengan keterbukaan perdagangan, sementara kualitas regulasi juga cenderung negatif pada spesifikasi penuh. Bagi Indonesia sebagai anggota G20, temuan ini mengisyaratkan bahwa digitalisasi tidak otomatis meningkatkan perdagangan apabila belum didukung harmonisasi aturan perdagangan digital, penyederhanaan prosedur kepabeanan, kepastian arus data lintas batas, dan pengurangan biaya kepatuhan. Dengan demikian, manfaat TIK terhadap perdagangan Indonesia perlu ditopang oleh kualitas regulasi yang jelas, konsisten, dan memudahkan transaksi lintas negara. Namun, koefisien interaksi antara difusi Tik dan kualitas regulasi bernilai positif, yang berarti adanya efek moderasi kualitas regulasi terhadap pengaruh difusi TIK pada keterbukaan perdagangan, efek tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa regulasi yang lebih baik meredam dampak negatif difusi TIK terhadap keterbukaan perdagangan. Temuan ini menekankan pentingnya paket kebijakan: perluasan TIK harus disertai penguatan kualitas regulasi, harmonisasi aturan perdagangan digital seperti arus data lintas batas, dokumen elektronik, dan kepabeanan digital, serta penyederhanaan prosedur perdagangan lintas batas agar manfaat digitalisasi lebih efektif mendorong integrasi perdagangan.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Aggarwal, S., & Mahalik, M. K. (2026). The role of
urbanization in fossil fuel demand of developing Asian economies: understanding
the moderating effect of renewable energy productivity. International
Journal of Ambient Energy, 47(1).
https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2026.2623005
Alshammari, M. A., Hammoudeh, M. A., & Pavlovic, M.
(2015). Governance, regulations, trade openness and FDI inflows: Empirical
study. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(12),
44–58. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v7n12p44
Amirkhalkhali, S., & Dar, A. A. (2012). On explaining
inter-countRy Differences In Economic Growth Rates Of Oecd Countries For
1996-2008: Does Regulatory Quality Matter. Applied Econometrics and
International Development, 12(2), 41–50. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84871273081&partnerID=40&md5=dfb15afa860e2973bcd62af00e244193
Anderson, R. K. (1994). Product quality regulation in open
economies. Implications for trade. Economics Letters, 45(3),
343–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(94)90035-3
Azhar, T., Majid, M. S. A., Sartiyah, S., & Dawood, T. C.
(2022). Impact of Disaster on Economic Performance of ASEAN-9: Does
Philanthropy Help? Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 23(1),
21–34. https://doi.org/10.18196/jesp.v23i1.12593
Bahoo, S., Alon, I., & Floreani, J. (2022). Corruption,
foreign aid, and international trade. Thunderbird International Business
Review, 64(2), 139–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22253
Bastos, P., Castro, L., & Cruz, M. (2025). The Quality
and Price of Africa’s Imports of Digital Goods. World Economy, 48(9),
1978–2002. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13707
Bellucci, C., Rubínová, S., & Piermartini, R. (2025).
Better Together: How Digital Connectivity and Regulation Reduce Trade Costs. Review
of International Economics, 33(3), 796–814.
https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12807
Burri, M. (2024). Inequalities in digital trade and digital
trade regulation. In Contested Equality: International and Comparative Legal
Perspectives (pp. 203–220). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035325771.00020
Castro, A. B. R., & Kornher, L. (2023). The effect of trade
and customs digitalization on agrifood trade: A gravity approach. Q Open,3(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/qopen/qoac037
Chhabra, M., Giri, A. K., & Kumar, A. (2023). What Shapes
Economic Growth in BRICS? Exploring the Role of Institutional Quality and Trade
Openness. Economic Papers, 42(4), 347–365.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-3441.12378
Chhabra, M., Verma, A., & Giri, A. K. (2024). ICT
Diffusion, Trade Openness and Growth: Empirical Evidence from Asian Countries. Indian
Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/00194662241263316
Chrid, N., Saafi, S., & Chakroun, M. (2021). Export
Upgrading and Economic Growth: a Panel Cointegration and Causality Analysis. Journal
of the Knowledge Economy, 12(2), 811–841.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-020-00640-6
Dawn, L., Verma, A., & Manglani, H. (2025). ICT, trade,
economic growth, and unemployment nexus: panel evidence from the Indian Ocean
Rim Association. Research in Globalization, 11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2025.100322
Fahlevi, M., Asdullah, M. A., Raza, F. A., Watto, W. A.,
Aljuaid, M., & Aziz, A. L. (2024). The influence of information and
communication technology on trade in developing countries and partners. Cogent
Business and Management, 11(1).
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2320814
Ferracane, M. F., González Ugarte, S., & Rogaler, T.
(2025). Global Trends in Digital Trade Policies and Practices: Evidence from
the Digital Trade Integration Database. World Trade Review.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745625100955
Fransman, M. (2010). The New ICT Ecosystem: Implications
for Policy and Regulation. Cambridge University Press.
https://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/91319/frontmatter/9780521191319_frontmatter.pdf
Ghodsi, M. (2024). Regulatory convergence within technical
barriers to trade. World Economy, 47(5), 1870–1915.
https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13515
Gonçalves, E., Gonçalves Taveira, J., Labrador, A., &
Pio, J. G. (2021). Is trade openness a carrier of knowledge spillovers for
developed and developing countries? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,58, 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.006
Hidayat, W., Suriani, S., & Sartiyah, S. (2024).
Investigating the Effect of Oil and Gas Exports and Macroeconomic Variables on
Gross Regional Domestic Product in Indonesia. International Journal of
Business, Economics & Financial Studies, 2(2), 65–72.
https://doi.org/10.62157/ijbefs.v2i2.37
Hou, Y., Wang, Y., & Xue, W. (2020). What explains trade
costs? Institutional quality and other determinants. Review of Development
Economics, 25(1), 478–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12722
Hsieh, P. L. (2021). New Asian Regionalism In International
Economic Law. In New Asian Regionalism in International Economic Law.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108980210
Huang, H., & Du, Z. (2024). Analysis on the Influencial
Factors of the Openness Level of Digital Trade Rules - Based on fsQCA Method. ACM
International Conference Proceeding Series, 117–121.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3686081.3686099
Huchet-Bourdon, M., Le Mouel, C., & Vijil, M. (2018). The
relationship between trade openness and economic growth: Some new insights on
the openness measurement issue. The World Economy, 41(1), 59–76.
https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12586
Jalil, A., & Rauf, A. (2021). Revisiting the link between
trade openness and economic growth using panel methods. Journal of
International Trade and Economic Development, 30(8), 1168–1187.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1938638
Kanodia, N. K., Mohapatra, D. R., & Jena, P. R. (2023).
Institutional Quality and Foreign Direct Investment in India: An Econometric
Analysis. Economic and Political Weekly.
https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85196183154?origin=scopusAI
Kim, J. H. (2019). Multicollinearity and misleading
statistical results. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 72(6),
558–569. https://doi.org/10.4097/kja.19087
Kumari, R., & Singh, S. K. (2024). Impact of ICT
Infrastructure, Financial Development, and Trade Openness on Economic Growth:
New Evidence from Low- and High-Income Countries. Journal of the Knowledge
Economy, 15(2), 7069–7098.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01332-7
Le, T.-H., Kim, J., & Lee, M. (2016). Institutional
quality, trade openness, and financial sector development in Asia: An empirical
investigation. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 52(5),
1047–1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2015.1103138
Le, T. H., Chang, Y., & Park, D. (2016). Trade openness
and environmental quality: International evidence. Energy Policy, 92,
45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.030
Lechman, E. (2015). ICT Diffusion in Developing Countries:
Towards a New Concept of Technological Takeoff. Springer International
Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18254-4
Lee, H. S., Lee, S. Y., Har, W. M., & Low, C. W. (2019).
Does neo-schumpeterian economics matter? ACM International Conference
Proceeding Series, 97–100. https://doi.org/10.1145/3377817.3377848
Liu, X., Lee, M.-J., & Kim, T.-H. (2026). Regulatory
Fragmentation in Digital Services Trade and Carbon Intensity: Hard and Soft
Barriers and the Role of Environmental Policy. Sustainability (Switzerland),18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/su18084031
Luong, T. A. N. H., & Nguyen, T. H. U. H. (2021). The
Impact of ICT on Service Trade. Singapore Economic Review, 66(4),
1073–1086. https://doi.org/10.1142/S021759082049003X
Macedoni, L. (2022). Asymmetric information, quality, and
regulations. Review of International Economics, 30(4), 1180–1198.
https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12599
Moustafa, E., & El-Shal, A. (2025). Trade Openness and
Economic Growth in Africa. In Trade and Investment in Africa: A Research
Companion (pp. 203–226). Taylor and Francis.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003587323-14
Mu, Y., Chen, Z., Ding, Y., Wang, Y., & Pang, B. (2020).
How the Internet Promotes China’s Exports: A Firm-level Perspective. China
and World Economy, 28(5), 118–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12329
Nam, H.-J., Frijns, B., & Ryu, D. (2024). Trade openness
and income inequality: The moderating role of institutional quality. Global
Finance Journal, 60, 100959.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2024.100959
Natanael, Y. (2025). Beyond borders and tangibility:
understanding trade restrictions, institutional quality and digital services
trade. International Journal of Development Issues, 24(3),
396–415. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-11-2024-0294
Nguyen, C. P., Doytch, N., Dinh Thanh, S., & Schinckus,
C. (2021). Do Institutions and Technologies Matter for Trade Openness?
Empirical Evidence from African Countries. International Trade Journal, 35(5),
413–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2021.1929584
Nguyen, C. Q., & Le, T.-H. (2021). The nexus between
trade openness and foreign direct investment amid structural economic
vulnerability in developing countries. In Globalization, Deglobalization,
and New Paradigms in Business (pp. 61–86). Springer International
Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81584-4_4
Nipo, D. T. A., Bujang, I., & Hassan, H. (2018). Global
digital divide: Reassessing the evidence behind ICT and its contribution to
trade among the ICT haves and have-nots In developing economies. Journal of
Business and Retail Management Research, 12(3), 47–58.
Onafowora, O. A., & Owoye, O. (2024). Trade openness,
governance quality, and economic growth in Latin America and the Caribbean. International
Economics, 179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2024.100527
Puntoon, W., Suwannajak, J., & Yamaka, W. (2021).
Macroeconomic Determinants of Trade Openness: Empirical Investigation of Low,
Middle and High-Income Countries. In Studies in Computational Intelligence.
Qin, S., Deng, H., & Hu, S. (2025). Digital development
and China–BRICS trade: Role of institutional distance. Finance Research
Letters, 73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.106636
Rahman, N., & Sharma, K. (2026). Regulatory quality and
value-chain participation in regional comprehensive trade partnership (RCEP):
evidence of nonlinear effects. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 69(1).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-025-09500-0
Saha, S., Sadekin, M. N., & Saha, S. K. (2022). Effects
of institutional quality on foreign direct investment inflow in lower-middle
income countries. Heliyon, 8(10).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10828
Sedegah, K. K., Baah, P., & Asante, K. (2026). Port
infrastructural quality for enhanced trade: the role of innovation and
regulatory quality. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, 25(2),
221–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13437-026-00415-x
Shi, Y. (2025). Challenges in governing global digital trade
barriers and China’s position. International Journal of Legal Discourse,10(2), 463–479. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijld-2025-2020
Silvia, V., Sartiyah, S., & Fitra, M. R. (2023). Demand
For Indonesian Patchouli Oil Exports: The Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag
(Ardl) Approach. RGSA: REVISTA DE GESTAO SOCIAL E AMBIENTAL, 17(2),
1–14.
Sinha, M., & Sengupta, P. P. (2022). FDI Inflow, ICT
Expansion and Economic Growth: An Empirical Study on Asia-Pacific Developing
Countries. Global Business Review. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85077152628?origin=scopusAI
Suriani, S., Sartiyah, S., Jamal, A., Diana, A., Sartika, S.,
& Yulia, Y. (2026). Global Uncertainty and Green Transition : Dynamics Analysis of Stock Market Volatility. International
Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 16(2), 925–936.
Thangavel, K., Spiller, D., Sabatini, R., Marzocca, P., &
Esposito, M. (2023). Near Real-Time Wildfire Management Using Distributed
Satellite System. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 20.
https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2022.3229173
Turkson, F. E., Adjei, R. M., & Barimah, A. (2020). Does
Trade Facilitation Promote Bilateral Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa? Policy and
Issues. In Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development
(pp. 63–96). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36632-2_4
Udeagha, M. C., & Ngepah, N. (2021). The asymmetric
effect of trade openness on economic growth in South Africa: a nonlinear ARDL
approach. Economic Change and Restructuring, 54(2), 491–540.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-020-09285-6
Ullah, W., Zubir, A. S. M., & Ariff, A. M. (2024).
Exploring the moderating effect of regulatory quality on the relationship
between financial development and economic growth/economic volatility for
developed and developing countries. Borsa Istanbul Review, 24(5),
934–944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2024.04.015
Yi, Z., Wei, L., & Huang, X. (2022). Does
Information-and-Communication-Technology Market Openness Promote Digital
Service Exports? Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(9).
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094901
Zahid, Z., Zhang, J., Gao, C., & Oláh, J. (2025).
ICT-Driven Strategies for Enhancing Energy Efficiency in G20 Economies:
Moderating the Role of Governance in Achieving Environmental Sustainability. Energies,18(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030685
Zámborský, P., Yan, Z. J., Sbaï, E., & Larsen, M. (2021).
Cross-Border M&A Motives and Home Country Institutions: Role of Regulatory
Quality and Dynamics in the Asia-Pacific Region. Journal of Risk and
Financial Management, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14100468
Zhang, W.-B. (2008). International Trade Theory: Capital,
Knowledge, Economic Structure, Money, and Prices over Time. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78265-0
Zhuang, Y., Yang, S., Chupradit, S., Nawaz, M. A., Xiong, R.,
& Koksal, C. (2021). A nexus between macroeconomic dynamics and trade
openness: moderating role of institutional quality. Business Process
Management Journal, 27(6), 1703–1719.