Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan https://jurnal.kemendag.go.id/bilp <div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="float: left; padding: 0px 9px 5px 0px; margin-right: 18px; width: 180px; height: 229px; border-right: 1px solid #7e7e7e;"> <img style="height: 100%; width: 170px;" src="http://jurnal.kemendag.go.id/public/site/images/admin_jurnal/cover_09.png" alt="" width="231px" height="231px"></span>First published in 2007, Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan (BILP) is a scientific journal published by the Trade Analysis dan Development Agency (Badan Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Perdagangan - BPPP), Ministry of Trade, Republic of Indonesia. This bulletin is expected to be a media of dissemination and analysis of research results to be used as references for academics, practitioners, policy-makers, and the general public. &nbsp;In collaboration with professional associations, The Indonesian Society of Agricultural Economics (Perhimpunan Ekonomi Pertanian Indonesia - PERHEPI), BILP publishes research and analysis result of trade sector and/or sector-related trade which have not been published in any other journals/scholarly publications, either in Bahasa Indonesia or English. Publishing twice a year in July and December, this Bulletin is directly disseminated to stakeholders in online version.</div> <div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" style="text-align: justify;">Starting mid 2022, this Journal are moved to The National Research and Innovation Agency (NRIA)<br> <div><a class="read-more" style="display: block; float: left; font-size: 12px; padding: 8px 20px; width: 100%; color: #000; letter-spacing: 0.5px; border: 1px solid #293d9b; margin-top: 13px; margin-bottom: 12px; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;">ISSN CETAK: 1979-9187<br>ISSN ONLINE: 2528-2751</a></div> </div> Trade Analysis and Development Agency, Ministry of Trade of Republic of Indonesia en-US Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 1979-9187 ANALISIS DAYA SAING SERTA FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI PANGSA PASAR NEGARA EKSPORTIR UTAMA KOPI DI NEGARA IMPORTIR UTAMA KOPI https://jurnal.kemendag.go.id/bilp/article/view/445 <p><strong>Abstrak </strong></p> <p>Negara eksportir utama kopi dunia dalam kurun waktu 1995-2017 adalah Brazil, Vietnam, Kolombia dan Indonesia. Sementara importir utama dunia adalah Amerika Serikat, Jepang, dan Jerman. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis daya saing komparatif negara eksportir utama kopi dunia dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pangsa pasar negara eksportir utama kopi di negara importir utama kopi. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder menggunakan jenis data <em>time series</em> periode 1995-2017 dengan kode HS 090111. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode <em>Revealed Comparative Advantage, Dynamic Revealed Comparative Advantage</em>, dan metode <em>Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System</em>. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat negara eksportir utama kopi dunia memiliki daya saing yang bervariasi. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi pangsa pasar negara eksportir utama kopi di negara importir utama kopi adalah harga dan non harga. Rekomendasi yang diberikan memerlukan keterlibatan dari berbagai pihak (petani, pengusaha, dan pemerintah) mulai dari cara budidaya, pemeliharaan, panen, dan pasca panen yang benar dilakukan dengan memberikan penyuluhan melalui program pemerintah, penerapan sertifikasi mutu kopi serta kebijakan perdagangan dalam bentuk kerja sama bilateral.</p> <p><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> Kopi, Ekspor, Persaingan, Pasar Global&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><em>A</em></strong><strong><em>bstract</em></strong></p> <p><em>The main exporting countries of world coffee in the period 1995-2017 were Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia. The world's main importers are the United States, Japan, and Germany. The purpose of this study is to analyze the comparative competitiveness of the world's main coffee exporters and to analyze the factors that influence the market share of the major coffee exporting countries in the major coffee importing countries. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from various sources using time series data for the period 1995 to 2017 with the HS code 090111. The data analysis method used is the Revealed Comparative Advantage, Dynamic Revealed Comparative Advantage, and Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System. The results showed that the four major coffee exporters in the world had competitiveness. The factors that affect the market share of the main coffee exporting countries in the main coffee importing countries are price and non-price. The recommendations given require the involvement of various parties (farmers, entrepreneurs, and the governments) starting from the correct way of cultivation, harvesting, and post-harvest carried out by providing counseling through government programs, implementing coffee quality certification, and trade policies in the form of bilateral cooperation.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Keyword</em></strong><strong><em>s</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>Coffee, Export, Competition, Global Market</em></p> <p><strong><em>JEL Classification</em></strong>: C22, F13, O24, Q17</p> Doni Sahat Tua Manalu Harianto Suharno Sri Hartoyo Copyright (c) 2022 Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 2022-07-31 2022-07-31 16 1 1 24 10.30908/bilp.v16i1.445 POTENSI DIVERSIFIKASI PASAR EKSPOR KARET ALAM INDONESIA https://jurnal.kemendag.go.id/bilp/article/view/696 <p><strong>Abstrak </strong></p> <p>Diversifikasi pasar karet alam ke negara nontradisional menjadi salah satu solusi Indonesia meningkatkan nilai ekspor dan menghilangkan ketergantungan pada negara tradisional. Tujuan penelitian ini mengidentifikasi pasar ekspor nontradisional karet alam Indonesia dan menganalisis pangsa pasar karet alam Indonesia di negara nontradisional. Analisis dilakukan selama periode tahun 1990-2019. Identifikasi pasar ekspor nontradisional karet alam Indonesia menggunakan metode <em>Statistic Trend Ranking</em> (STR), <em>Structural </em>(<em>Exports</em>)<em> Match Index</em> (SMI), dan <em>demand index</em>. <em>Market Share Index</em> (MSI) dan kuantitatif digunakan untuk menganalisis pangsa pasar karet alam Indonesia di negara nontradisional. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 18 negara yang masuk kategori pasar nontradisional untuk karet alam Indonesia yaitu Kamboja, Pantai Gading, Republik Dominika, Guatemala, Hong Kong, India, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nigeria, Makedonia Utara, Filipina, Rusia, Tanzania, Ukraina, dan Vietnam. Terdapat tiga negara nontradisional dengan pangsa pasar ekspor karet alam tertinggi Indonesia melalui <em>Market Share Index</em> yaitu India, Filipina dan Rusia yang didukung dengan kondisi makroekonomi yang baik.</p> <p><strong>Kata Kunci</strong>: Karet Alam, <em>D</em><em>emand index</em><em>, Market Share Index</em> (MSI), <em>Statistic Trend Ranking </em>(STR), <em>Structural </em>(<em>Exports</em>)<em> Match Index </em>(SMI)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p> <p><em>Diversification of the natural rubber market to nontraditional countries is one solution for Indonesia to increase export value and eliminate dependence on traditional countries. The purpose of this study is to identify the non-traditional export market of Indonesian natural rubber and analyze the market share of Indonesian natural rubber in nontraditional countries.&nbsp;The analysis was carried out over the period 1990-2019. Identification of nontraditional Indonesian natural rubber export markets using the Statistical Trend Ranking (STR), Structural (Exports) Match Index (SMI), and demand index. Market Share Index (MSI) and quantitative are used to analyze the market share of Indonesian natural rubber in non-traditional countries. The results of the analysis show that there are 18 countries that are included in the non-traditional market category for Indonesian natural rubber, namely Cambodia, Ivory Coast, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Hong Kong, India, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Philippines, Russia, Tanzania, Ukraine, and Vietnam. There are three non-traditional countries with the highest market share for Indonesian natural rubber exports through the Market Share Index, namely India, the Philippines, and Russia, which are supported by good macroeconomic conditions. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Natural Rubber, Demand Index, Market Share Index (MSI), Statistic Trend Ranking (STR), Structural (Exports) Match Index (SMI)</em></p> <p><strong><em>JEL Classification</em></strong>: F13, F15, F18</p> Birka Septy Meliany Yusman Syaukat Widyastutik Copyright (c) 2022 Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 2022-07-31 2022-07-31 16 1 25 40 10.30908/bilp.v16i1.696 KINERJA EKSPOR INDONESIA DAN PERSEPSI KONSUMEN PAKISTAN TERHADAP MINYAK SAWIT DAN PRODUK TURUNANNYA https://jurnal.kemendag.go.id/bilp/article/view/692 <p><strong>Abstrak </strong></p> <p>Pakistan merupakan negara nontradisional mitra dagang strategis Indonesia. Pakistan mengimpor <em>Crude Palm Oil</em> (CPO) Indonesia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan minyak makan. Industri minyak makan di Pakistan memiliki karakter sangat kompetitif, hambatan masuk (<em>barrier to entry</em>) yang rendah, dan cenderung sensitif terhadap perubahan harga. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu: (1) Menganalisis kinerja ekspor minyak sawit dan produk turunannya di Pakistan; (2) Menganalisis tingkat pengetahuan dan faktor yang memengaruhi konsumen rumatangga Pakistan terhadap minyak sawit dan produk turunannya asal Indonesia; (3) Menganalisis tingkat loyalitas konsumen rumah tangga di Pakistan terhadap produk <em>cooking oil. </em>Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif, analisis regresi logistik, dan analisis loyalitas konsumen. Hasil analisis menyajikan kinerja ekspor minyak sawit Indonesia ke Pakistan mengalami trend peningkatan sejak tahun 2012 dan salah satunya disebabkan penandatangan <em>Preferential Trade Agreement</em> (PTA). Konsumen rumahtangga di Pakistan sebagian besar tidak mengenal CPO atau produk hasil turunannya serta tidak memahami isu lingkungan terkait industri kelapa sawit. Terdapat empat variable yang memengaruhi peluang responden mengetahui CPO dan produk turunannya yaitu lokasi tempat tinggal, dummy frekuensi konsumsi <em>cooking oil</em>, dummy frekuensi konsumsi margarine, dan dummy frekuensi es krim. Konsumen di Pakistan merupakan konsumen yang tergolong dalam kelompok <em>liking the brand</em> dengan tidak sepenuhnya <em>switcher buyer</em>.</p> <p><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> <em>Crude Palm Oil</em>, Pakistan, Regresi Logistik, Analisis Loyalitas Konsumen, <em>Cooking Oil</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><em>A</em></strong><strong><em>bstract</em></strong></p> <p><em>Pakistan is a non-traditional trading partner country that is a strategic r for Indonesia. Pakistan imports Crude Palm Oil (CPO) to meet the needs for edible oil. Pakistan’s cooking oil industry is highly competitive with low barriers to entry, also moderately sensitive to price changes. The aims of this research are to (1) analyze the export performance of palm oil and its derivative products; (2) analyze the level of knowledge and the factors that influence Pakistani consumers; (3) analyze the level of loyalty of household consumers to cooking oil. The research used descriptive qualitative analysis, logistic regression analysis, and analysis of brand loyalty. The results of the analysis showed that Indonesian palm oil exports to Pakisthavehas had an increasing trend since 2012, caused by the implementation of the Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA). Most consumers in Pakistan were not familiar with CPO or its derivative products and did not understand the environmental issues related to the palm oil industry. There are four variables that affect the probability of respondents knowing CPO and derivative products, namely, location of residence, dummy frequency of cooking oil consumption, dummy frequency of margarine consumption, and dummy frequency of ice cream. Generally, Pakistan consumers are a group of consumers that liking the brand group.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong>: <em>Crude Palm Oil, Pakistan, Logistic Regression, Analysis of Brand Loyalty, Cooking Oil</em></p> <p><strong><em>JEL Classification</em></strong>: C25, D12, F14, Q17</p> Bahroin Idris Tampubolon Hastuti Muhammad Firdaus Lukytawati Anggraeni Naufa Muna Copyright (c) 2022 Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 2022-07-31 2022-07-31 16 1 41 58 10.30908/bilp.v16i1.692 MARSHALL-LERNER CONDITION PADA PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA – TIONGKOK https://jurnal.kemendag.go.id/bilp/article/view/684 <p><strong>Abstrak </strong></p> <p>Satu dekade terakhir, neraca perdagangan Indonesia dengan partner dagang terbesarnya, Tiongkok, mengalami defisit yang makin meningkat. Salah satu opsi kebijakan yang banyak menjadi perhatian adalah kebijakan devaluasi atau depresiasi. Depresiasi dinilai dapat memberikan dampak baik bagi neraca perdagangan di negara berkembang, tetapi manfaat tersebut tidak berlaku untuk semua kasus. Beberapa literatur menyatakan suatu negara harus memenuhi prasyarat <em>Marshall-Lerner Condition</em> untuk menerima manfaat tersebut. BSCA dapat memengaruhi penggunaan rupiah dan yuan juga mendorong urgensi peninjauan ulang prasyarat tersebut pada perdagangan bilateral Indonesia dan Tiongkok. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi apakah Indonesia dapat menerima manfaat saat terjadinya depresiasi rupiah terhadap yuan dengan terpenuhinya <em>Marshall-Lerner Condition</em>. Penelitian ini menggunakan <em>Impulse Response Function</em> dengan metode <em>Vector Error Correction Model</em> (VECM) untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi tersebut. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa prasyarat <em>Marshall-Lerner Condition</em> terpenuhi, tetapi ternyata kondisi tersebut tidak cukup menjamin untuk memperbaiki neraca perdagangan ketika rupiah terdepresiasi. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah harus berhati-hati saat terdepresiasinya rupiah terhadap yuan. Pemerintah perlu memperbaiki struktur ekspor-impor dengan memperkuat diversifikasi produk dan kebijakan substitusi impor. Sementara itu, dalam jangka panjang, manajemen risiko yang lebih komprehensif terhadap volatilitas yuan perlu diperhatikan.</p> <p><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> <em>Marshall-Lerner Condition, Bilateral Swap Currency Arrangement</em>, Defisit, Neraca Perdagangan, Kurs</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><em>A</em></strong><strong><em>bstract</em></strong></p> <p><em>In the last decade, Indonesia's trade balance with its largest trading partner, China, has experienced an increasing deficit. One of the policy alternatives that has received policymakers’ attention is currency devaluation or depreciation. Depreciation is considered to have a good impact on the trade balance for developing countries, but this benefit does not apply to all cases. Some literature state that a country must meet the Marshall-Lerner Condition to receive these benefits. BSCA will affect the use of the rupiah and the yuan, which lead to the urgency of reexamining this prerequisite for bilateral trade between Indonesia and China. This study aims to identify whether Indonesia can receive benefits when the rupiah depreciates against the yuan by fulfilling the Marshall-Lerner condition. This study uses the Impulse Response Function as a tool in the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method to identify the condition. The results estimate that the Marshall-Lerner Condition is fulfilled, but this condition is not enough to ensure trade balance improvement as the rupiah depreciates. Therefore, the government must be careful when the rupiah depreciates against the yuan. The government needs to improve the export-import structure by strengthening export product diversification and import substitution policies. Meanwhile, in the long term, more comprehensive risk management of yuan volatility needs to be considered.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong>: <em>Marshall-Lerner Condition, Bilateral Swap Currency Arrangement</em>, <em>Deficit, Trade Balance, Exchange Rate</em></p> <p><strong><em>JEL Classification</em></strong>: F13, F14, F31</p> Febria Ramana Copyright (c) 2022 Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 2022-07-31 2022-07-31 16 1 59 78 10.30908/bilp.v16i1.684 KETERKAITAN GLOBALISASI DENGAN PERTUMBUHAN INKLUSIF PADA NEGARA-NEGARA ASEAN BERPENDAPATAN MENENGAH https://jurnal.kemendag.go.id/bilp/article/view/594 <p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p> <p>Seiring perkembangan zaman, arus globalisasi dan gelombang teknologi menimbulkan kompetisi di pasar internasional. Untuk memenangkan kompetisi, beberapa negara mendorong kebijakan ke arah keterbukaan perdagangan dan menarik investasi asing sebanyak mungkin. Kebijakan tersebut akan mempercepat pembangunan dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun juga akan meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan. Dalam penelitian ini dikaji mengenai keterkaitan antara ekspor dan investasi asing, sebagai indikator globalisasi, dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan pendapatan, sebagai indikator pertumbuhan inklusif, di negara ASEAN berpendapatan menengah dengan menggunakan analisis regresi panel <em>Three Stage</em> <em>Least Square</em> (3SLS) selama periode 1995-2015. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, dalam konsep globalisasi, terdapat hubungan dua arah yang signifikan antara ekspor dan investasi asing. Di sisi lain, dalam konsep pertumbuhan inklusif, juga terdapat hubungan dua arah yang signifikan antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan pendapatan. Sementara itu, ekspor dan investasi asing, sebagai indikator globalisasi, secara positif dapat mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi inklusif hanya di negara ASEAN berpendapatan menengah ke atas. Oleh karena itu, direkomendasikan untuk mendorong kebijakan yang mempermudah ekspor, khususnya untuk produk yang bernilai tambah tinggi dan berdaya saing, sehingga kontribusi ekspor meningkat dan mampu mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi negaranya.</p> <p><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> Globalisasi, Ekonomi Inklusif, Infrastruktur, 3SLS</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p> <p><em>In the middle of the last century, globalization and technological waves have created competition in the international market. To win the competition, some countries are pushing policies toward trade openness and attracting as much foreign investment as possible. These policies will accelerate development and increase economic growth, but will also increase income inequality. This study examines the relationship between exports and foreign investment, as an indicator of globalization, with economic growth and income inequality, as an indicator of inclusive growth, in middle-income ASEAN countries using a Three Stage Least Square (3SLS) panel regression analysis during the period 1995-2015. The empirical finding indicates that, in the concept of globalization, there is a significant two-way relationship between exports and foreign investment. On the other hand, in the concept of inclusive growth, there is also a significant two-way relationship between economic growth and income inequality. Meanwhile, exports and foreign investment, as indicators of globalization, can positively encourage inclusive economic growth only in upper middle-income ASEAN countries. Therefore, it is recommended to encourage policies that facilitate exports, especially for products that have high added value and competitive products, so that the contribution of exports increases and is able to increase the country's economic growth.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em>&nbsp;Globalization, Inclusive Economy, Infrastructure, 3SLS</em></p> <p><strong><em>JEL Classification: </em></strong><em>F40, F62, I00, O18</em></p> Titis Kusuma Lestari Dwi Budi Santoso Putu Mahardika Adi Saputra Copyright (c) 2022 Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 2022-07-31 2022-07-31 16 1 79 102 10.30908/bilp.v16i1.594