Ketentuan Senyawa Etilen Oksida Dan Turunannya Di Negara Mitra Dagang Dan Strategi Menjaga Akses Pasar Ekspor Produk Pangan Indonesia
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Published:
Aug 10, 2023
Keywords:
Etilen Oksida, Standar Internasional, Hambatan Perdagangan, Kesepakatan SPS, Akses Pasar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Sebagai salah satu isu krusial dalam kesehatan masyarakat, keamanan pangan semakin menjadi perhatian di banyak negara di dunia. Berbagai standar ditetapkan baik di tingkat internasional maupun nasional. Namun, harmonisasi standar internasional secara pragmatis sulit untuk dicapai sehingga menimbulkan masalah lain berupa hambatan perdagangan. Perbedaan standar di berbagai negara dan tidak adanya standar internasional terkait kandungan Etilen Oksida pada produk pangan menjadi salah satu isu yang berkembang dan meluas ke sektor perdagangan sejak tahun 2020. Sebagai salah satu negara pengekspor produk pangan ke dunia, Indonesia juga turut terdampak oleh penerapan kebijakan terkait Etilen Oksida di beberapa negara mitra dagang. Sejak akhir tahun 2021, produk asal Indonesia, seperti mie instan dan bubuk cabai dinilai tidak dapat diedarkan di pasar negara tujuan ekspor karena tidak memenuhi standar terkait kandungan residu Etilen Oksida maupun senyawa turunannya. Berdasarkan Kesepakatan SPS, setiap negara anggota WTO memiliki hak untuk menerapkan tindakan sanitari dan fitosanitari yang diperlukan untuk melindungi kehidupan dan kesehatan manusia, hewan, dan tumbuhan sepanjang tindakan-tindakan tersebut tidak bertentangan dengan ketentuan-ketentuan yang diatur dalam Kesepakatan SPS. Uni Eropa bahkan telah memperketat pengawasan resmi untuk pemasukan produk makanan tertentu dari beberapa negara ketiga ke pasar Uni Eropa untuk sementara waktu, termasuk produk yang kemungkinan terkontaminasi oleh Etilen Oksida. Untuk merespon perkembangan terkini di sektor pangan internasional serta memitigasi risiko terulangnya penolakan produk eskpor Indonesia di negara mitra dagang maka diperlukan langkah-langkah strategis dari seluruh pemangku kepentingan baik pemerintah, asosiasi/pelaku usaha, maupun pakar/akademisi.
Article Details
How to Cite
Anrina, F., & Pramahayekti, G. (2023). Ketentuan Senyawa Etilen Oksida Dan Turunannya Di Negara Mitra Dagang Dan Strategi Menjaga Akses Pasar Ekspor Produk Pangan Indonesia. Cendekia Niaga, 7(1), 46-60. https://doi.org/10.52391/jcn.v7i1.837
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References
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Wartini, S. (2007). Implementasi Prinsip Kehati-hatian Dalam Sanitary and Phythosanitary Agreemant, Studi Kasus: Keputusan Appellate Body WTO Dalam Kasus Hormone Beef Antara Uni Eropa Dengan Amerika Serikat. Jurnal Hukum No. 2 Vol. 14 April 2007: 296 – 313.
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World Trade Organization. Eping SPS&TBT Platform. Diakses melalui https://epingalert.org/en/Search/TradeConcerns?freeText=ethylene%20oxide pada Februari 2023.
Badan Karantina Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian. Sekilas SPS. Diakses melalui https://karantina.pertanian.go.id/page-20-sekilas-sps.html pada Februari 2023.
Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan. (2022). Keputusan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 229 Tahun 2022 Tentang Pedoman Mitigasi Risiko Kesehatan Senyawa Etilen Oksida (Ethylene Oxide), 2,6-Diisopropilnaftalena (2,6 Diisopropylnaphthalene), dan 9,10-Antrakinon (9,10-Anthraquinone).
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Diakses melalui http://sister.kemendag.go.id/ pada Februari 2023.
Badan Standardisasi Instrumen Pertanian. (2023). Diakses melalui https://bsip.pertanian.go.id/berita/bsip-dorong-pengawasan-keamanan-pangan-pada-sidang-codex pada Juli 2023.
Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2022). Diakses melalui https://www.bsn.go.id/main/berita/detail/13233/maraknya-isu-pangan-penting-lakukan-kajian-risiko-keamanan-pangan pada Juni 2023.
Beghin, J. C., Maertens, M., & Swinnen, J. (2015). Nontariff Measures and Standards in Trade and Global Value Chains. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 7, 425–450. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100814-124917.
Bessaire, T., Stroheker, T., Eriksen, B., Mujahid, C., Hammel, Y. A., Varela, J., Delatour, T., Panchaud, A., Mottier, P., & Stadler, R. H. (2021). Analysis of ethylene oxide in ice creams manufactured with contaminated carob bean gum (E410). Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 38(12), 2116–2127. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2021.1970242.
Chung, M., Jin, K., Zeng, J. S., & Manthiram, K. (2020). Mechanism of Chlorine-Mediated Electrochemical Ethylene Oxidation in Saline Water. ACS Catalysis, 10(23), 14015-14023. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c02810.
Dudkiewicz, A., Dutta, P., & Kołożyn-Krajewska, D. (2022). Ethylene oxide in foods: current approach to the risk assessment and practical considerations based on the European food business operator perspective. European Food Research and Technology. 248. 10.1007/s00217-022-04018-7.
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). (2022). Statement on the BfR opinion regarding the toxicity of 2-chloroethanol. EFSA Journal, 20(2), 7147. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7147
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2016). Evaluation of the Inhalation Carcinogenicity of Ethylene Oxide (CASRN 75-21-8) in Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Washington, D.C: Office of Research and Development.
European Commission, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety. (2022). Alert and Cooperation Network: 2021 Annual Report. https://doi.org/10.2875/328358.
European Commission. RASFF Window. Diakses melalui https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/search pada Februari 2023.
Fikri, E., & Firmansyah, Y.W. (2022). A Case Report of Ethylene Oxide Contamination in Ice Cream “Häagen-Dazs”, How in Indonesia?. Serambi Engineering, 7(4),3789–3792. https://doi.org/10.32672/jse.v7i4.4584.
Hartwig, A., & MAK Commission. (2022). 2-Chloroethanol. MAK Value Documentation, supplement – Translation of the German version from 2019. The MAK Collection for Occupational Health and Safety,7(2): Doc027. https://doi.org/10.34865/mb10707e7_2ad.
International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2012). A Review of Human Carcinogens Part F: Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 100, 379-400. Lyon: World Health Organization.
Kowalska, A., & Manning, L. (2022, January 12). Food Safety Governance and Guardianship: The Role of the Private Sector in Addressing the EU Ethylene Oxide Incident. Foods, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020204.
Lynch, H. N., Kozal, J. S., Russell, A. J., Thompson, W. J., Divis, H. R., Freid, R. D., . . . Mundt, K. A. (2022). Systematic review of the scientific evidence on ethylene oxide as a human carcinogen. Chemico-Biological Interactions, Vol. 364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110031.Malhotra J. (2014). Molecular and genetic epidemiology of cancer in low- and medium-income countries. Annals of global health, 80(5), 418–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2014.09.01.
Murina, M., & Nicita, A. (2015). Trading with Conditions: The Effect of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures on the Agricultural Exports from Low-income Countries. The World Economy, 40(1),168–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12368.
Przybyla, J., Roney, N., Abadin, H., Alman, B., Szafran, B., Wohlers, D. W., . . . Zaccaria, K. (2022). Toxicological Profile for Ethylene Oxide. Atlanta: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Diakses melalui https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp137.pdf pada Februari 2023.
Russ, K., Baker, P., Byrd, M., Kang, M., Siregar, R. N., Zahid, H., & McCoy, D. (2021). What You Don’t Know About the Codex Can Hurt You: How Trade Policy Trumps Global Health Governance in Infant and Young Child Nutrition. International Journal of Health Policy and Management 10(12), 983–997.
Schrenk, D. (2018). What is the meaning of ‘A compound is carcinogenic’? Toxicol Rep, 5, 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.04.002.
Secretariat, C. (2019). Codex Alimentarius Commission Procedural Manual 27th Edition. Codex Alimentarius Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
The Federal Institute fo Risk Assessment (BFR). (2021, February 9). Updated BfR opinion on Health risk assessment of ethylene oxide residues in sesame seeds. Opinion no 024/2021, hal. 9.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2018). Ethylene Oxide. Diakses melalui https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-09/documents/ethylene-oxide.pdf pada Februari 2023.
Wartini, S. (2007). Implementasi Prinsip Kehati-hatian Dalam Sanitary and Phythosanitary Agreemant, Studi Kasus: Keputusan Appellate Body WTO Dalam Kasus Hormone Beef Antara Uni Eropa Dengan Amerika Serikat. Jurnal Hukum No. 2 Vol. 14 April 2007: 296 – 313.
WHO. (2015). WHO Estimates of The Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Wieck, C., & Grant, J. H. (2021). Codex in Motion: Food Safety Standard Setting and Impacts on Developing Countries’ Agricultural Exports. EuroChoices Volume 20(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12293.
World Trade Organization. Eping SPS&TBT Platform. Diakses melalui https://epingalert.org/en/Search/TradeConcerns?freeText=ethylene%20oxide pada Februari 2023.