Sistem Kerja Fleksibel: Tempat Kerja Dan/Atau Waktu Kerja Yang Fleksibel (Tinjauan Naratif)
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Published:
Dec 1, 2023
Keywords:
Kesehatan Karyawan, Kesehatan Psikologis, Ketidakhadiran, Kesehatan Fisik, Konflik Pekerjaan-Keluarga, Olahraga
Main Article Content
Abstract
Fleksibilitas mengenai di mana dan kapan pekerjaan diselesaikan menjadi semakin tersedia bagi karyawan, terutama setelah wabah COVID-19 dan pergeseran sifat pekerjaan selanjutnya. Hingga kini, ada temuan yang tidak konsisten terkait manfaat sistem kerja fleksibel atau flexible work arrangements (FWA) yang ada di luar negeri. Oleh karenanya, kami melakukan tinjauan pustaka ini (n = 33) untuk meneliti hubungan antara FWA dan dampaknya bagi kesehatan, yang meliputi: kesehatan fisik, ketidakhadiran, gejala somatik, dan aktivitas fisik (olahraga). Metode pencarian literatur berbasis komputer berasal dari berbagai database, yakni: Academic Search Premier, Alt HealthWatch, APA PsycArticles, Business Source Ultimate, CINAHL, Disertation Abstracts, ERIC, Google Scholar, Health Source, PsycINFO, PubMed, dan Web of Science. Pencarian literatur tidak dibatasi pada periode waktu tertentu. Semua laporan studi yang diterbitkan hingga Juli 2022 dimasukkan dalam review. Hasil tinjauan pustaka menunjukkan bahwa FWA berhubungan dengan kesehatan fisik yang lebih baik, pengurangan ketidakhadiran, dan gejala somatik yang lebih sedikit. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa FWA dapat memfasilitasi karyawan dalam menjaga kesehatannya. Tidak ada hubungan antara FWA dan aktivitas fisik (olahraga), tetapi hasil ini harus ditafsirkan dengan hati-hati karena terbatasnya jumlah makalah studi primer yang meneliti hubungan ini. Temuan ini memiliki implikasi untuk penelitian dan praktek FWA di masa depan, termasuk dukungan untuk menawarkan FWA individual sebagai sarana untuk mempromosikan kesehatan karyawan.
Article Details
How to Cite
Saputro, E. (2023). Sistem Kerja Fleksibel: Tempat Kerja Dan/Atau Waktu Kerja Yang Fleksibel (Tinjauan Naratif). Cendekia Niaga, 7(2), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.52391/jcn.v7i2.779
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References
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Hyphantis, T., Goulia, P., & Carvalho, A. F. (2013). Personality traits, defense mechanisms and hostility features associated with somatic symptom severity in both health and disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75(4), 362–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013. 08.014
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Jones, B. L., Scoville, D. P., Hill, E. J., Childs, G., Leishman, J. M., & Nally, K. S. (2008). Perceived versus used workplace flexibility in Singapore: Predicting work-family fit. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 774–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013181
Kelly, E. L., & Moen, P. (2007). Rethinking the clockwork of work: Why schedule control may pay off at work and at home. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9(4), 487–506. https://doi. org/10.1177/1523422307305489
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Merrill, R. M., Aldana, S. G., Pope, J. E., Anderson, D. R., Coberley, C. R., Grossmeier, J. J., & Whitmer, R. W. (2013). Self-rated job performance and absenteeism according to employee engagement, health behaviors, and physical health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31827b73af
Moen, P., Fan, W., & Kelly, E. L. (2013a). Team-level flexibility, work–home spillover, and health behavior. Social Science & Medicine, 84, 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.02.011
Moen, P., Kelly, E. L., & Lam, J. (2013b). Healthy work revisited: Do changes in time strain predict well-being? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(2), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031804
Pagnan, C. E., Seidel, A., & MacDermid Wadsworth, S. (2017). I just can’t fit it in! implications of the fit between work and family on health-promoting behaviors. Journal of Family Issues, 38 (11), 1577–1603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X16631016
Pedersen, D. E. (2014). Spillover and crossover of work-to-family conflict and the health beha- viors of dual-earner parents with young children. Sociological Focus, 47(1), 45–60. https://doi. org/10.1080/00380237.2014.855980
Persson, M., & Martensson, J. (2006). Situations influencing habits in diet and exercise among nurses working night shift. Journal of Nursing Management, 14(5), 414–423. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1365-2934.2006.00601.x
Powell, K. E., Paluch, A. E., & Blair, S. N. (2011). Physical activity for health: What kind? How much? How intense? On top of what? Annual Review of Public Health, 32(1), 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101151
Rau, B. L., & Hyland, M. A. M. (2002). Role conflict and flexible work arrangements: The effects on applicant attraction. Personnel Psychology, 55(1), 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570. 2002.tb00105.x
Shifrin, N. V., & Michel, J. S. (2022). Flexible work arrangements and employee health: A meta-analytic review. Work & Stress, 36(1), 60-85.
Shockley, K. M., & Allen, T. D. (2007). When flexibility helps: Another look at the availability of flexible work arrangements and work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(3), 479–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.08.006
Sinclair Robert R., Allen Tammy, Barber Lacie, Bergman Mindy, Britt Thomas, Butler Adam, Ford Michael, Hammer Leslie, Kath Lisa, Probst Tahira, Yuan Zhenyu (2020). Occupational health science in the time of COVID-19: Now more than ever. Occupational Health Science, 4(1-2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-020-00064-3
Spreitzer, G. M., Cameron, L., & Garrett, L. (2017). Alternative work arrangements: Two images of the new world of work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4(1), 473–499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113332
Treiber, L. A., & Davis, S. N. (2012). The role of ‘workplace family’ support on worker health, exhaustion and pain. Community, Work & Family, 15(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13668803.2011.580123
Voydanoff, P. (2004). The effects of work demands and resources on work-to-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 398–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741- 3737.2004.00028.x
Allen, T. D., Johnson, R. C., Kiburz, K. M., & Shockley, K. M. (2013). Work–family conflict and flexible work arrangements: Deconstructing flexibility. Personnel Psychology, 66(2), 345–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12012
Brynjolfsson, E., Horton, J. J., Ozimek, A., Rock, D., Sharma, G., & TuYe, H. Y. (2020). COVID-19 and remote work: An early look at US data (No. w27344). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Carlson, D. S., Grzywacz, J. G., Ferguson, M., Hunter, E. M., Clinch, C. R., & Arcury, T. A. (2011). Health and turnover of working mothers after childbirth via the work–family interface: An analysis across time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 1045–1054. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0023964
Deery, S., Walsh, J., Zatzick, C. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2017). Exploring the relationship between compressed work hours satisfaction and absenteeism in front-line service work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 1359432X.2016.1197907
Faurote, E. J. (2015). Work-family conflict and employee health: A longitudinal examination of health behaviors and flextime. Dissertation Abstracts International, 75.
Grawitch, M. J., Barber, L. K., & Justice, L. (2010). Rethinking the work–life interface: It’s not about balance, it’s about resource allocation. Applied Psychology: Health and WellBeing, 2(2), 127–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01023.x
Grzywacz, J. G., Casey, P. R., & Jones, F. A. (2007). The effects of workplace flexibility on health behaviors: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49(12), 1302–1309. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31815ae9bc
Haley, M. R., & Miller, L. A. (2015). Correlates of flexible working arrangements, stress, and sleep difficulties in the US workforce: Does the flexibility of the flexibility matter? Empirical Economics, 48(4), 1395–1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-014-0836-4
Halpern, D. F. (2005). How time-flexible work policies can reduce stress, improve health, and save money. Stress and Health, 21(3), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1049
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hyphantis, T., Goulia, P., & Carvalho, A. F. (2013). Personality traits, defense mechanisms and hostility features associated with somatic symptom severity in both health and disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75(4), 362–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013. 08.014
Jang, S. J. (2009). Relationships among perceived work-life balance, resources, and the well-being of working parents. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A, 70, 1032.
Jones, B. L., Scoville, D. P., Hill, E. J., Childs, G., Leishman, J. M., & Nally, K. S. (2008). Perceived versus used workplace flexibility in Singapore: Predicting work-family fit. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 774–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013181
Kelly, E. L., & Moen, P. (2007). Rethinking the clockwork of work: Why schedule control may pay off at work and at home. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9(4), 487–506. https://doi. org/10.1177/1523422307305489
Kossek, E., & Michel, J. (2011). Flexible work scheduling. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), Handbook of indus- trial-organizational psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 535–572). American Psychological Association.
Mailey, E. L., Huberty, J., Dinkel, D., & McAuley, E. (2014). Physical activity barriers and facilita- tors among working mothers and fathers. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 657. https://doi.org/10. 1186/1471-2458-14-657
McKeever, G. (2020). Remote Justice? Litigants in Person and Participation in Court Processes during Covid-19. Modern Law Review, NA.
Merrill, R. M., Aldana, S. G., Pope, J. E., Anderson, D. R., Coberley, C. R., Grossmeier, J. J., & Whitmer, R. W. (2013). Self-rated job performance and absenteeism according to employee engagement, health behaviors, and physical health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31827b73af
Moen, P., Fan, W., & Kelly, E. L. (2013a). Team-level flexibility, work–home spillover, and health behavior. Social Science & Medicine, 84, 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.02.011
Moen, P., Kelly, E. L., & Lam, J. (2013b). Healthy work revisited: Do changes in time strain predict well-being? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(2), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031804
Pagnan, C. E., Seidel, A., & MacDermid Wadsworth, S. (2017). I just can’t fit it in! implications of the fit between work and family on health-promoting behaviors. Journal of Family Issues, 38 (11), 1577–1603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X16631016
Pedersen, D. E. (2014). Spillover and crossover of work-to-family conflict and the health beha- viors of dual-earner parents with young children. Sociological Focus, 47(1), 45–60. https://doi. org/10.1080/00380237.2014.855980
Persson, M., & Martensson, J. (2006). Situations influencing habits in diet and exercise among nurses working night shift. Journal of Nursing Management, 14(5), 414–423. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1365-2934.2006.00601.x
Powell, K. E., Paluch, A. E., & Blair, S. N. (2011). Physical activity for health: What kind? How much? How intense? On top of what? Annual Review of Public Health, 32(1), 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101151
Rau, B. L., & Hyland, M. A. M. (2002). Role conflict and flexible work arrangements: The effects on applicant attraction. Personnel Psychology, 55(1), 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570. 2002.tb00105.x
Shifrin, N. V., & Michel, J. S. (2022). Flexible work arrangements and employee health: A meta-analytic review. Work & Stress, 36(1), 60-85.
Shockley, K. M., & Allen, T. D. (2007). When flexibility helps: Another look at the availability of flexible work arrangements and work–family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(3), 479–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.08.006
Sinclair Robert R., Allen Tammy, Barber Lacie, Bergman Mindy, Britt Thomas, Butler Adam, Ford Michael, Hammer Leslie, Kath Lisa, Probst Tahira, Yuan Zhenyu (2020). Occupational health science in the time of COVID-19: Now more than ever. Occupational Health Science, 4(1-2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-020-00064-3
Spreitzer, G. M., Cameron, L., & Garrett, L. (2017). Alternative work arrangements: Two images of the new world of work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4(1), 473–499. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113332
Treiber, L. A., & Davis, S. N. (2012). The role of ‘workplace family’ support on worker health, exhaustion and pain. Community, Work & Family, 15(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13668803.2011.580123
Voydanoff, P. (2004). The effects of work demands and resources on work-to-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 398–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741- 3737.2004.00028.x